Display Advertising Glossary

A--C

Acquisition: When a user signs up, makes a purchase, or performs some other desired action in response to an ad. Also called a conversion or action.  

Ad Agency: A company that provides services such as planning, creating, and buying, and tracking advertisements and ad campaigns on behalf of a client.

Ad Call: A user's browser asks an ad exchange or ad server to send an ad. The ad call includes information from browser cookies and ad tag information such as publisher ID, size, location, referring URL, etc. At, an ad call is made to the.

Ad Choices Icon: "Ad choices" is part of the Digital Advertising Alliance's (DAA) Self-Regulatory Program for Online Behavioral Advertising. The clickable icon associated with this program (technically named the "Advertising Option Icon") can be placed overtop of creatives in order to give consumers a better understanding of and greater control over ads that are customized based on their online behavior. See the icon and read more at the DAA's website.

Ad Exchange: An ecosystem through which advertisers, publishers, and networks meet and do business on a unified platform or system. An ad exchange allows advertisers and publishers to speak the same language in order to exchange data, set prices, and ultimately serve an ad.

Ad Network: A company that serves as a broker between a group of publishers and a group of advertisers. Networks traditionally aggregate publishers and advertisers and handle remnant inventory, but can have a wide variety of business models and clients.

Ad Server: The computer or group of computers responsible for the actual serving of creatives to websites, or for making decisions about what ads will serve. An ad server may also track clicks on ads and other data. Major publishers, networks and advertisers sometimes have their own ad servers.

Ad Tag: A piece of HTML on a webpage that will contact an ad server and ask for an ad. The tag informs the browser to open a small window (say, 468×60 pixels), and in that window place whatever content is returned from some location like "http://ad.adserver.com/imp?Z=468×60&s". Here is an example JavaScript ad tag.

<SCRIPT language='JavaScript1.1' src="http://ad.adserver.net/adj/N4617.somdomain.com/B2850779;abr=!ie;sz=250x250;ord=[timestamp]?" ></SCRIPT>

Ad Quality: A term that refers to the settings that allow sellers to determine which creatives will be allowed to serve in their inventory.  

Advertiser: An entity that shows its creatives on publisher web pages in order to enhance brand awareness, induce the user to make a purchase, etc.

Agency: An advertising agency, often referred to as a creative agency, is a business dedicated to creating, planning, and handling advertising and sometimes other forms of promotion and marketing for its clients.

API: Application Programming Interface. A way to interact with a piece of software.  Uses APIs to interact with the Console and to allow bidders and the Impression Bus to communicate with each other.

The Console: The Console is a sophisticated ad management technology platform with both buy- and sell-side capabilities.

Atlas: An ad management tool and ad server owned by Facebook as of February 2013 (previously owned & operated by Microsoft). 

Attribution: Attribution refers to how we determine which advertisement was responsible for triggering a conversion or acquisition. The most common attribution model is last view/last click.

Backfill: Inventory that is not pre-sold; i.e. remnant inventory. Can also refer to one ad network filling unsold inventory for another ad network.

Banner Ad: A basic image or flash display ad, rather than a rich media unit.

Base Rule: A base rule is a term for a publisher-specific catchall rule. It has a priority of 1 (lowest) and no targeting. Base Rules are required for Payment Rules, but optional for.

Behavioral Data: Information collected from a users' online actions, for example, things they’ve searched for in the past and types of the website they frequent. Advertisers sometimes use this type of data in their campaigns to match relevant users with their offers.

Best Bid: The highest bid in an auction. Does not guarantee that an ad will be served; the bid must then be accepted within the seller client's ad server.

Bidder: A bidder is a piece of technology that uses proprietary code and algorithms to analyze bid requests and respond with bids and creatives in real-time auctions.  Hosts a bidder that represents clients’ buy-side settings.

Bidding Strategy: A bidding strategy is a way you calculate a bid in an ad auction. It can mean bidding a flat or bidding a variable price based on past click-through or conversion rates.

Bid Request: Request from the advertiser to a bid. Includes data points about the user and the impression being sold.

Blacklist: A list of domains/apps that a buyer does not want to buy ad space on.

Booked Revenue: The financial agreement between an advertiser and a buy-side network, such that can properly reflect revenue and profitability in buy-side reporting. In the this can be CPM, CPC, CPA, Cost Plus, and Fixed Fee.

Brand: A company's product line and the image and reputation of that line.

Campaign: A campaign dictates a buying strategy for purchasing inventory. Most campaigns also include criteria such as a specific start and end date, daily or overall budgets, frequency restrictions, and targeting based on user or inventory data.

CAP: Shorthand for creative approval, which means a creative can run on the  (or some other) platform.

CDN: Content Delivery Network. A CDN delivers static content, such as creative image or flash files. Usually, a CDN provider has servers across the globe configured to deliver content as quickly as possible, which is why it is typical for an ad server to use one.

Click Log: Server-side log of predefined information gathered when a user clicks on an ad that has passed through the Impression Bus. 

Click-through Rate: The number of clicks divided by total impressions served for a particular creative or campaign.

 Publisher Click Tracking: If a publisher is being paid on a  basis and wants to track clicks, they can provide click-tracking URL where can ping them on every click. Click URLs are also used to record clicks.

Cloud: Generally refers to the cloud computing infrastructure on which the platform runs. Please see the Cloud Services Wiki for more information. In general, a computing cloud is a networked group of servers accessible through remote means.

Code:  uses "IDs" as our global numbering scheme for items such as creatives or segments. A member may choose to use an in-house code string instead, which could be as simple as their own numbering scheme, or a category like "auto." Members can then refer to an item with a code, which will map to an internal ID.

Contextual Data:  Information on the contents of the webpage that the user is viewing upon ad call. Usually used for ad targeting; for example, if the user is viewing a newspaper article about travel, an airline may wish to display on that page.   Semantic targeting. This is distinct from user data.

Conditional Rule: Conditional rules are a concept used in publisher payment terms and ad quality. A conditional rule is publisher-specific, has targeting and priorities.

Conversion: When a user signs up, makes a purchase or performs some other desired action in response to an ad. Also called an acquisition or action, especially to distinguish it from clicks in an acronym ( vs.).

Conversion Funnel: This describes the path a consumer takes from seeing an ad or otherwise hearing about a brand or concept (the broad end of the funnel) to possibly navigating an e-commerce website and finally taking the desired action such as making a purchase (the narrow end of the funnel). In a simplistic example, many users see an ad, fewer click, fewer visit a site, fewer purchase. Various stages of the funnel may be used as a proxy for measuring the effectiveness of advertising, and funnel events do not need to be linear.

Conversion Pixel: A pixel that fires when a user converts, e.g. click on an ad, registers, makes a purchase, etc. Advertisers place conversion pixels on a landing page, registration page, checkout page, etc.

Cookie: A parcel of text sent by a server to the cookie file in a browser and then sent back unchanged by the client each time it accesses that server. HTTP cookies are used for authenticating, session tracking, and storing information about specific users, such as site preferences or buying habits. Advertisers often use cookies to track the number and frequency of advertisements that have been shown.   

Cookie Store:’ cookie and user data storage system. It also contains mappings between user IDs and third-party exchange and aggregator user IDs so we can identify a user’s ID during an ad call.

Cost Plus: A payment model in which advertisers agree to pay the cost of media plus an additional CPM or % profit margin on top. This can be represented as a type of booked revenue in.

CPA: Cost per action/acquisition. A payment model in which advertisers pay for every action, such as a sale or registration, completed as a result of a visitor clicking on their advertisement. Note that an "acquisition" is the same as a "conversion."

CPC: Cost per click. A payment model in which advertisers pay each time a user clicks on their advertisement.

CPL: Cost per lead. A payment model in which advertisers pay for every lead or customer inquiry that resulted from a visitor who clicked on an advertisement. Also known as cost per inquiry.

CPM: Cost per thousand ("Mille"). A pricing model in which advertisers pay for every 1000 impressions of their advertisement served. This is the standard basic pricing model for online advertising. 

Creative: The actual graphical advertisement itself. Common creative formats include GIF, JPEG, JavaScript, HTML, and Flash.

Creative Tag: Similar to an ad tag, this is a snippet of code that gives the location of the creative, which is usually a content delivery network (CDN) or an ad server.

CSV: Comma separated values. A data file used structured in a table form with fields separated by commas.

CTR: Click-through rate.

Custom Ad Quality Profile: Custom ad quality profiles are a concept and are one-of-a-kind profiles for an individual publisher. Custom ad quality profiles are applied to base rules or conditional rules. You can create custom ad quality profiles in the publisher manager or the ad quality tab. To edit them, you must go to the ad quality tab. Custom profiles can be created from templates or from scratch.

D--L

DAA: The Digital Advertising Alliance. An online advertising industry association made up of many other organizations and dedicated to self-regulation. Possibly best known for the Advertising Option Icon. Read more at the DAA's website.

Daisy Chain: Daisy chaining is the linking of several ad tags, usually from different exchanges, ad servers, or ad networks. This creates a waterfall such that, if no creative can be found via the demand available to ad tag 1, the impression can be passed to a second ad tag to see if demand is available there, etc.

DART: An ad management tool and server created by DoubleClick and operated by Google. 

Data Management Platform: A DMP is a relatively new term and is not statically defined, but in general refers to a centralized system for gathering first-party data, integrating with third-party data, and applying this data to one's advertising strategy. A DMP may offer the following features: estimating the likely reach for a user segment, measuring the lift from using data, acting as a financial clearinghouse between data buyers and sellers, and assisting publishers in monetizing data on their users. DMPs most commonly work with but may also work with, or other types of data.

Data Providers: Businesses that provide data about users so that advertisers can better target users.

Decisioning: The process by which an ad server, ad platform, or exchange chooses who to serve an ad to. This can be based on an auction, prioritizing certain advertisers based on relationships and prior agreements, or some other method.

Deduplication: "Deduping" means removing duplicate entries or events in a dataset. Quality programmatic buying is dependent on getting accurate and useful data sets, and deduplication is often a step in that process. For example, if a user clicks twice on the same creative, you may dedupe your data set to remove those second clicks.

Default Creative: The default creative is passed into the at the time of an ad call as a "backup" in case any parameters, such as reserve price, are not met during the auction. The default creative can be a literal creative, say an in-house ad, OR it can be a redirect in the form of a third-party ad tag to a third-party AdServer. Sometimes called "Reserve Creative."

Default Tag: If no impression can be found for an ad opportunity, a default tag may be served to pass the impression to another system to see if demand can be found there (this happens in the case of ) or to simply pull a creative from another ad server. Sometimes called "Passback."

Demand: Advertising demand; entities that wish to buy ad space and display creatives.

Demand Side Platform (DSP): A company that allows advertising clients to buy digital media on several different selling systems or exchanges through one interface.

Direct Response: Term applied to marketing or advertising that is designed to solicit a direct response which is specific and quantifiable. In online display advertising, this can be clicking on an ad, making a purchase, signing up for a newsletter, etc.

Display Advertising: Online advertising is often divided into "display" and "search." Display ads are images and search is text-based. Display ads, sometimes referred to as banners, come in standardized ad sizes, and can include text, logos, pictures, or more recently, rich media.

Direct Media Buy: Pre-brokered agreements between an advertiser and publisher to deliver a certain amount of specific inventory for a preset cost. 

DMA: Designated Market Area. (Sometimes called demographic metropolitan area.) A geographic area originally defined as a group of counties that made up a cohesive television market. May also stand for the Direct Marketing Association;

DMA OBA Compliance: The Direct Marketing Association has been heavily involved in creating guidelines for online behavioral advertising, or advertising to people surfing the Internet based on their past browsing history. For more information, visit the DMA Website.

Dynamic Creative: Many advertisers wish to show different ads to different customers; for example, an advertiser might wish to show a woman's polo to a woman and a man's polo to a man. Dynamic creatives can refer to having a few different creatives and choosing the most appropriate one for the user through some automated means such as audience segmentation or based on frequency and recency. 

Dynamic Pricing: The purchase price for an ad impression is determined via a real-time auction rather than a predetermined rate.

eCPA: Effective Cost Per Acquisition. This is calculated by dividing your cost (or revenue) by the number of conversion events.

eCPC: Effective Cost Per Click. A translation from CPMs, CPCs, CPAs, and other pricing models so they can be compared.

eCPM: Effective Cost Per Thousand. A translation from CPMs, CPCs, CPAs, and any other pricing models so they can be compared to each other.

Engagement Metrics: Most digital media buyers are interested in measuring the effectiveness of their advertising. This is most easily done by direct marketers who use CPAs, but there are a variety of other ways to measure the impact of ads via "customer engagement." Some possible engagement metrics are whether a user has watched an entire video ad, if a user hovers over a creative with a mouse, and the popular (but possibly low-value) click. The term engagement metrics may also be applied to things other than advertising, such as how long a visitor spends on a website.

Estimated Average Price: EAP is a bid price estimated to win about half of the impressions from platform sellers based on historical bids and their success or failure.

Estimated Clear Price: ECP is a bid price that is likely to win most impressions from platform sellers based on historical bids and their success or failure.

Exclusive Inventory: If inventory is associated with a particular bidder, that bidder can set an exclusive parameter so that no other bidder will see the inventory or bid on it. Useful for sitting in on auctions without participating.

First-party Cookies: Cookies that use the domain of the website a user is currently on. For example, if you visit www.mysite.com and the domain of the cookie is www.mysite.com, then this is a first-party cookie. First-party cookies are usually used for login, user experience, and remarketing purposes.

First Touch: An attribution model in which credit is given to the first impression a user saw. This is different than the last Last View/Last Click attribution model that uses.  

Flight: The lifetime (start and end dates) of a campaign. A campaign can also have no flight dates and continue indefinitely.

Frequency: How often an ad is shown in a certain period, such as 24 hours. Advertisers often want to limit frequency to avoid overexposure. 

Frequency capping: Limiting how often a particular creative is served to a user. For example, no more than 3 times per 24 hours.  

Global Ad Quality Profile: A global ad quality profile is applied to all publishers and their placements regardless of what other rules are applied. You can never override your global ad quality profile.

Guaranteed inventory: Impressions sold ahead of time rather than in a real-time auction.  .

Iframe: An HTML iframe tag tells the browser to open a mini browser window of a specified size inside the current window. This way the ad content cannot expand beyond the size specified and "take over" the screen.

Impression: A creative served to a single user at a single point in time.

Impression Bus: The heart of the platform, the Impression Bus is a server cluster that processes ad requests, feeds data to members, conducts auctions, returns ads to the publishers, keeps track of billing and usage, returns auction-result data, and enforces some basic quality standards. The Impression Bus is where all participants come together and interact.

Impressions Kept: Any impression served within your own member on the platform. 

Impressions Resold: Any impression sold to a third-party buyer. 

Impressions Bought: Impressions successfully bought by a member in an auction.

Impressions Seen: The ad calls that pass through the platform, but that aren't necessarily decisioned by.

In-banner Video: In-banner video creatives are played in standard banner placements rather than in video players.  serves these creatives with the JW Player for Flash to enable playing in the banner placements. Any banner placement may accommodate an in-banner video creative if allowed by the publisher.

In-stream video: In-stream video creatives are played in video players on web pages. They use  XML to ensure proper rendering in players and are shown before, in the middle of, or after other video content.

Insertion Order: In general terms, an insertion order is an agreement between an advertiser and another company (agency, publisher, ad network, etc.) to display some kind of advertising. In other words, it's a purchase order. At, an insertion order serves as an optional umbrella to line items.

Instance: Also called a virtual machine, virtual operating system, or virtual server, an instance is an individual guest operating system that runs on top of a virtualization layer on top of a physical server. Instances are the building blocks of cloud computing.

IAB: Interactive Advertising Bureau. An online ad industry association focused on the growth of the interactive advertising marketplace. "The IAB educates marketers, agencies, media companies and the wider business community about the value of interactive advertising." Read more at the IAB's website.

Inventory: The digital spaces in which ads are served. Publishers sell ad inventory.

JSON: JavaScript Object Notation is a lightweight data-interchange format based on a subset of JavaScript. It is a language-independent text format that uses conventions from the C-family, including C, C++, C#, Java, JavaScript, Perl, and Python. A JSON object looks something like this:

{ 

   "glossary": {

      "entry": "CPM",

      "definition":"See Cost Per Mille" 

   }

}

Landing Page: The page to which a user is directed after clicking on an ad. If a user clicks on a Cheese of the Month ad, they may be directed to cheeseofthemonth.com, or to cheeseofthemonth.com/signup now or some other landing page was chosen by the advertiser. This can be slightly different than a.

Last Click: A type of attribution model that pays out on the last impression that was clicked on by the user.

Last View: A type of attribution model that pays out on the last impression that was viewed by the user.

Lift: The percent increase in performance (measured in ROI, CPC, CPA, etc.) that can be attributed to advertising (or some other marketing endeavor).

Line Item: At, line items represent the financial relationship between a network and its advertiser. Line items then contain campaigns.

Liquidity: The quality of an asset which allows it to be bought and sold without affecting its value in a negative or extreme way.

Longtail: Ad inventory with relatively low number of users (e.g. most blogs) or less desirable users (very young, minimal disposable income, etc.). The long tail can be difficult to monetize.

Lookback Window: An amount of time taken into account when collecting data to be used for attributing conversions, a bid optimization model, or anything else. Common lookback windows are a day, 14 days, 30 days, etc.

M--R

Marketer: Generally a large advertiser that manages at least some of its own digital advertising. Also called a direct marketer.

Media Plan: A holistic view of all your real-time media buys and direct media buys.

Member: A business entity with which has a financial relationship. Types of members include inventory owners and sellers, networks, and direct marketers. From a technology perspective, all objects in the platform such as creatives and tags are attached to members.

Metadata: Metadata is data about data. At, you're most likely to use metadata for inventory and creatives; for example, a creative will be tagged with metadata such as its brand, the file size, etc.

NAI: Network Advertising Initiative. An online advertising industry association focused on consumer education about online behavioral advertising (OBA). Read more at the NAI website.

Net Bid: In order to compare bids to each other and to the all bidder or fees are taken out of an initial bid. This recalculated bid is the net bid.

Netezza: The brand name of a set of data warehouse appliances uses to store and retrieve data.

Network: Either refers generally to a display advertising network or specifically to a member of the platform that buys and sells on behalf of advertisers and publishers.

Nonexclusive Inventory: For nonexclusive inventory can’t be certain where we are in the ad call chain. We may be first or the ad call may have already passed through another platform as part of a daisy chain.

OBA: Online Behavioral Advertising. Advertising to people surfing the Internet based on their past browsing behaviors.

Optimization: Optimization as defined by is the process collecting data to determine the price you should bid for a piece of inventory based on how successful your campaign has been on that inventory in the past. In the Console, you can optimize to a Cost per Click (CPC) or Cost per Acquisition (CPA).

Packrat: An -built networking system for quickly streaming logs from our applications into our data warehouse.

Payment Rule: A term that refers to the financial agreement between a publisher and sell-side network. These rules are used to allow to properly reflect the division of revenue in sell-side reporting. 

PHP Session ID: A PHP session allows you to store user information on a server for later use. However, session information is temporary and will be deleted after the user has left a website. Sessions work by creating a unique ID (UID) for each visitor and storing variables based on this UID. The UID is either stored in a cookie or is propagated in the URL.

Piggyback: This usually refers to a piggybacked pixel. When pixel A has pixel B piggybacked on to it, then the firing of pixel A causes the firing of pixel B. This second firing can either be via a redirect (when the  Impression Bus gets pinged with a pixel A call, it returns a 302 redirect causing the browser to fire pixel B) or a server-side firing. This is may be used for tracking conversions in a secondary system, etc.

PII: Personally Identifiable Information. Information that can be tied to an actual named person, rather than an anonymous user ID. For example, name, social security number, or driver's license number.

Pixel: A pixel, also called a web bug, is a way to track user data. It is a snippet of code that calls for a 1X1 transparent pixel to be delivered to a webpage by a third party server. When the pixel loads, the third party server can record information such as the IP address of the user's computer, URL of the page, and time the page was viewed.
   

Placement: At, a placement is the object that represent a piece of inventory. Publishers embed placements into web pages as.

Pop Ad: An ad that displays in a secondary browser window in front of () or behind () the initial browser window.

Popunder: An ad that displays in a secondary browser window directly behind the initial browser window.

Popup: An ad that displays in a secondary browser window directly in front of the initial browser window. 

PPM: Profit per 1000 ("mille") impressions.

Premium First Chair: This means the Console is competing for inventory alongside direct media buys rather than after direct buys have already been allotted by the publisher.

Premium Inventory: The term "premium" can be used in different ways, but it most commonly refers to publisher inventory that is sold through direct channels in advance. I.e. guaranteed inventory. Often premium inventory is from a site's home page, or has some other elevated level of desirability.  .

Premnant Inventory: A portmanteau word of premium + remnant. "Remnant," or non-guaranteed inventory has an unnecessarily negative connotation, when this inventory might be first-rate.

Programmatic Buying: Buying through automated means, for example, by setting up a campaign in an RTB exchange or other automated system. This is opposed to more manual buys where you are in contact with a sales team, or other "offline" mechanism.

PSA: Public service announcement. A creative that is served by when managed inventory is not purchased through a campaign and no default creative is available. PSAs are only available for specific sizes; in the absence of a PSA and a default creative, a blank is served.

Publisher: Source of inventory. Publishers are generally either managed or owned and operated. For an owned and operated publisher, you receive 100% of the profit. This is opposed to a managed publisher: a publisher that you do not own, but that you have a financial relationship with.

Query String: A way to pass data to a web application as part of a URL. The query string comes after a "?" in the URL, for example:

http://www.mysite.com/photos?query_string=17

Reach: The number of unique user IDs that can be reached by online advertising. You might broaden your reach by targeting new inventory, or evaluate the reach inherent in some set of user data such as "male clothes shoppers."

Real-Time Advertising: In real-time advertising, an auction happens when a publisher ad tag is loaded from a webpage. Advertisers compete for that particular impression based on their individual valuation of the user's worth at that time on that site from that IP address. These valuations are submitted at the time of the auction, rather than far in advance of the auction.

Real-Time Bidding: Bidding on inventory in real time. A real-time bid is often dynamically generated based on past performance of creatives, inventory, user groups, and other parameters. Note that real-time bidding may differ from real-time buying, which can mean allocating inventory in real-time through prioritization rather than a monetary bid. Real-time bidding also implies multiple bidding systems or exchanges making calls to each other in real time.

Real-Time Inventory: Inventory auctioned off in real time, as a webpage is loading. 

Recency Capping: A way to space out the showing of an ad over time. For example "don't show an ad to a user more than once every 20 minutes."

Retargeting: Targeting users who have performed an action in the past, who may therefore be more likely to perform the same or a similar task in the future. For example, an advertiser might wish to put a segment pixel on their website and then target users who have visited their website in the past because they are more likely to make a purchase.

Remnant Inventory: Remnant inventory is sold after "premium" inventory has been pre-sold by a direct salesforce. Remnant is sometimes synonymous with real-time inventory, and is often the target of programmatic buying. Because remnant has an unnecessarily negative connotation, other terms that have been experimented with are "premnant" (premium + remnant} or "secondary premium." Also sometimes called "tier 2" or "class 2."

Reporting: Data for both buyers and sellers such as much money spent, impressions seen, impressions sold, and revenue earned.

Request: At, a request is sent by the Impression Bus and received by a bidder. Conversely, a response is sent by a bidder and received by the Impression Bus. The generic use of "request" can refer to any attempt by one's browser to retrieve a page, including page elements such as ads, from a server on the Internet.

Reserve Price: The lowest price at which a bidder or member will sell an impression.

Response: At, a communication from a bidder to the Impression Bus. 

REST: Representational State Transfer. A type of API protocol that operates on the POST, GET, PUT, and DELETE commands.

Rich Media: Rich media refers generally to media that has non-standard characteristics such as: Larger than ~40k, out-of-banner (OOB) behavior, features like "post to facebook," plays video within a banner, or in-creative metrics collection.

Rising Stars: A set of interactive rich media creative types defined by the. They include Billboard, Filmstrip, Slider, Portrait, Pushdown, and Sidekick. See examples at the IAB website. There is also a set of Mobile Rising Star ad units, which include Filmstrip, Pull, Adhesion Banner, Full Page Flex, and Slider.

ROI: Return on Investment.

ROE: Run of exchange. All inventory available for purchase on an ad exchange.

RON: Run of network. All inventory managed by a network.

ROS: Run of site. All inventory available on a certain website.

RPM: Revenue per 1000 ("mille") impressions.

Rotating Creative: Sometimes a single ad tag is set to send one of several different creatives. The platform allows creatives that rotate between different images, but not that rotate brand, offer, or advertiser.

RTB: Real Time Bidding

S--Z

Scope: A Console campaign will have a scope of either "real-time" or "direct". Real-time campaigns may target inventory that is exposed for RTB by other members or by our inventory supply partners. Direct campaigns may only target publisher inventory within your network or direct media buy inventory.

Second Price Auction: An auction type in which the bidder who submitted the highest bid pays a price equal to the second highest bid. Also known as a Vickrey auction.

Segment: Members of a target audience identified based on the webpages they visit, the actions they take such as making a purchase, or data such as gender or location.

Segment Pixel: A pixel that marks a user as belonging to a certain. For example, an advertiser might place a segment pixel on the homepage and mark all visitor to to the homepage as "homepage visitors."

Semantic Targeting: In theory, semantic targeting means figuring out what the content on a webpage is really about and being able to place ads based on that content. For example, if a website says "sunny weather," is it about great beach vacations, or is it about skin cancer, and do you want to advertise flights to Florida on it or not? However, the term is often used by different people to mean slightly different things, and is often used to be synonymous with Contextual Targeting.

Services: Components of the APIs. Includes the Creative Service, Member Service, and Reporting Service.

Session Frequency: How many ads a user has seen per session, as recorded through advertising?

Sherlock: Sherlock is ' automated creative scanning system that detects malicious content and assists our human auditors with ad quality

Supply Partner:  works with several supply partners such as Google's AdX, Pubmatic, Admeld, and others to provide real-time inventory to the platform. Real-time supply is also provided by networks who are members of the platform.

Supply Side Platform: Analogous to a, an SSP enables publishers to access demand from a variety of networks, exchanges, and platforms via one interface.

Tag: A snippet of HTML, generally either JavaScript or an IFRAME, that tells the browser to request some content from an ad server. "Tag" is often used to mean an ad tag but can also be a creative tag or some other kind of tag. A tag is provided by an ad server or exchange and placed in the webpage by a publisher.

Tag Container: Many advertisers and their media buyers use a number of tags for tracking impressions, clicks, conversions, and other data. Some use tag containers to manage these disparate pixel tags and make it easier to change them via a single source. When a page loads, the tag container code displays the code for all tags stored within the container.

Targeting: Choosing to serve adds to a particular segment as well as when, where, and how often to serve ads.

Technology Providers: Third-party entities who may assist members by providing bidders or other technology within the platform.

Third-party Cookies: Cookies with a different domain than the website a user is currently on. For example, if you visit www.mysite.com, and cookie with the domain ib.com would be a third-party cookie. 

Timestamp: The date and time that something occurred. For the timestamp format is YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM: SS.

TinyTag: A tag created and assigned by. TinyTags are placed on publisher pages or into third party advertising systems to enable inventory to flow through the. These tags may include reserve pricing with a default creative as well as additional descriptive information about the inventory and/or user.

Trading Desk: Generally refers to buy-side platforms, most commonly within or working for advertising agencies. Also known as agency trading desks or ATDs.

Uniques: Individual users, as represented by a  stored both in users' browser cookies and in the. A unique user ID is not associated in any way with personally identifiable information (PII) and does not necessarily equate a unique individual; an individual may be associated with multiple user IDs due to clearing browser cookies or using multiple browsers and multiple devices. Also, for mobile devices, a unique user ID may be associated to multiple device IDs (e.g., Apple IDFA, OpenUDID, etc.).

Unique User ID: Every user that sees is given a unique user ID that is stored both in the user's browser cookie and in the. This ID is not associated in any way with personally identifiable information (PII) and does not necessarily equate a unique individual; an individual may be associated with multiple user IDs due to clearing cookies or using multiple browsers and multiple devices. Also, for mobile devices, a unique user ID may be associated to multiple device IDs (e.g., Apple IDFA, OpenUDID, etc.).

User: A target customer for advertisers; i.e. the person browsing the web who will see an ad.

User Agent: This usually refers to a browser application. For example, Mozilla 5.0 is a specific user agent.

User Data: Information about users that makes them more valuable to advertisers. User data can include age, gender, location, intent to purchase, demographics, psychographics, wealth, past purchases, and more. Please note that user data is generally associated with a UUID found in a cookie rather than any personally identifiable information. User data is distinct from contextual data. Often used interchangeably with segment data and audience data.

User Data Store: A place where data is stored on a user. In general parlance, this could refer to a user's browser cookie, but in all user data other than user ID is stored server-side in the.

User Generated Content: Content on a website that was posted by users, not the publisher. For example Myspace or Facebook profiles. Different publishers have varying levels of control over user generated content.

User ID Mapping: Each buyer and seller may assign different IDs to a user. Without knowing that Seller S's user 'ABC' is the same as Buyer B's user '1234', it is impossible for B to value an impression from S. To solve this, every user that sees is given a unique ID that is stored within the user's browser. Then members or bidders may map this to their internal user ID with the User ID Mapping service.

User Sync Pixel:  syncs user IDs with many of its supply partners in order to ID a user during an auction and apply frequency and receny and other decisioning data. This is done with user sync pixels.

UUID: A UUID (Universal Unique Identifier) is a 128-bit number used to uniquely identify some object or entity on the Internet. Depending on the specific mechanisms used, a UUID is either guaranteed to be different or is, at least, extremely likely to be different from any other UUID generated until 3400 A.D.

VAST: Video Ad Serving Template. This is an XML-based video ad serving protocol. It was created to provide a uniform way for video content to be transferred from ad servers to video players on web pages. For details, see the Interactive Advertising Bureau's VAST documentation at http://www.iab.net/guidelines/508676/digitalvideo/vast.

VPAID: Video Player Ad-Serving Interface Definition.  supports relatively simple in-stream video ad formats that are not executable. VPAID was created to support more interactive rich media video formats. For more information, see the Interactive Advertising Bureau's VPAID documentation at http://www.iab.net/guidelines/508676/digitalvideo/vsuite/vpaid.

Vendor: A vendor is generally a company with a specific product or service such as creating or delivering rich media, maintaining a , or providing third-party data.

Yield Management: Broadly this refers to selling the right things to the right customer at the right time for the right price to maximize revenue. In advertising, it generally refers to maximizing the revenue of publishers and their impressions using tools such as price floors.